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Abstract

This research aims to analyze the implications of a non-exclusive choice of forum clause in determining the competent dispute resolution forum in Indonesia based on theories related to Private International Law, International Contract Law, and International Civil Procedure Law. Based on the results of this research, the implications of the non-exclusive choice of forum clause in determining the competent dispute resolution forum in Indonesia have not been fully regulated by Indonesian laws and regulations. This can be seen from the use of the doctrines of forum non conveniens, lis pendens, and res judicata, the three of which are still not contained in the laws and regulations in Indonesia, even though there are already doctrines implied in Article 118 of HIR, namely the basis of presence and the principle of effectiveness. This shows that there is no legal certainty regarding a dispute in which the parties have a non-exclusive choice of forum. Therefore, it would be better if Indonesia had a written law about Private International Law and ratified the Hague Choice of Court Convention 2005 to provide certainty, justice, and legal benefits for every party who will act in the civil and commercial law field, especially in disputes arising from international contracts in which there is a non-exclusive choice of forum.

Bahasa Abstract

Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis implikasi adanya klausul pilihan forum non eksklusif perihal penentuan forum penyelesaian sengketa di Indonesia berdasarkan teori-teori terkait Hukum Perdata Internasional, Hukum Kontrak Internasional dan Hukum Acara Perdata Internasional. Penulis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, implikasi dari klausul pilihan forum non eksklusif dalam menentukan forum penyelesaian sengketa di Indonesia belum diatur secara utuh oleh peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dengan masih digunakannya doktrin forum non conveniens, lis pendens, serta res judicata yang ketiganya masih belum terdapat dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, meskipun telah terdapat doktrin yang tersirat dalam Pasal 118 HIR, yakni the basis of presence dan principle of effectiveness. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa belum terdapat kepastian hukum terhadap suatu sengketa yang di dalamnya terdapat pilihan forum non eksklusif di antara para pihaknya. Oleh karena itu, alangkah lebih baiknya apabila Indonesia memiliki Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata Internasional dan aksesi Hague Choice of Court Convention 2005 demi memberikan kepastian, keadilan, serta kemanfaatan hukum bagi setiap pihak yang akan bertindak dalam ranah hukum perdata dan dagang, khususnya dalam sengketa yang timbul dari kontrak internasional yang di dalamnya terdapat pilihan forum non eksklusif.

References

Legal Documents

a) Indonesian Laws Indonesia.

Burgerlijk Wetboek voor Indonesie. S. 1947 No. 23. Indonesia. Herziene

Indonesisch Reglement. S. 1884 No. 16 and S. 1941 No. 44. Indonesia.

Rechtreglement voor de Buitengewesten. S. 1927 No. 227. Indonesia.

Reglement of de Rechtsvordering. S. 1847 No. 52 and S. 1849 No. 63.

Indonesia. Wetboek van Koophandel. S. 1847 No. 23.

b) Indonesian Court Judgments

Supreme Court of Republic of Indonesia Judgment No. 3215K/PDT/2001.

Supreme Court of Republic of Indonesia Judgment No. 3253K/PDT/1990.

Supreme Court’s Cassation Decision No. 3440K/PDT/2020. Banten High Court

Judgment No. 11/PDT/2021/PT BTN. Denpasar High Court Decision No. 167/PDT/2019/PT.DPS.

Tangerang District Court Judgment No. 269/Pdt.G/2018/PN.Tng.

Denpasar District Court Decision No. 482/Pdt.G/2018/PN.Dps.

c) International Legal Instruments

Hague Conference on Private International Law.

Convention on Choice of Court Agreements 2005. 30 Juni 2005.

Books

Adolf, Huala. Bab-Bab Tentang Hukum Kontrak Internasional. Bandung: Keni Media, 2021.

----------------. Dasar-Dasar Hukum Kontrak Internasional Edisi Revisi. Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2014.

Basuki, Zulfa Djoko. Et al. Hukum Perdata Internasional. Second Edition. Tangerang Selatan: Penerbit Universitas Terbuka, 2020.

Cahyono, Akhmad Budi and Surini Ahlan Sjarif. Mengenal Hukum Perdata. Jakarta: CV. Gitama Jaya, 2008.

Garner, Bryan. Ed. Black’s Law Dictionary. Eleventh Edition. St. Paul: Thomson Reuters, 2014.

Gautama, Sudargo, Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia Jilid III Bagian 2 Buku ke-8. Bandung: Penerbit P.T. Alumni, 2013.

----------------------. Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia Jilid II Bagian 4 Buku ke-5. Bandung: Penerbit P.T. Alumni, 2004.

----------------------. Pengantar Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia. Bandung: Binacipta, 1987.

----------------------. The Commercial Laws of Indonesia. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 1998.

Harahap, M. Yahya. Hukum Acara Perdata Tentang Gugatan, Persiandgan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian, and Putusan Pengadilan. Second Edition. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2021.

Keyes, Mary. Ed. Optional Choice of Court Agreements in Private International Law. Swiss: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2020.

Subekti, Hukum Acara Perdata. Bandung: Binacipta, 1982.

---------. Pokok-Pokok Hukum Perdata. Jakarta: PT. Intermasa, 2001.

Sutantio, Retnowulan and Iskandar Oeripkartawinata. Hukum Acara Perdata dalam Teori and Praktek. Bandung: Mandar Maju, 2009.

Van Fleet, John Mckee. Res Judicata, A Treaties on the Law of Former Adjudication Volume I. Indianapolis and Kansas City: The Bowen-Merrill Company, 1895.

Journal/Article

Gruson, Michael. “Forum-Selection Clauses in International and Interstate Commercial Agreements.” University of Illinois Law Review No. 1 (1982). P. 133-206.

Honka, Hannu. “Harmonisation of Contract Law through International Trade: A Nordic Perspective.” Tulane European and Civil Law Forum Volume 11 (1996). P. 111- 179.

Schneider, Michale E. “Multi-Fora Disputes.” Arbitration International Volume 6 Issue 2 (1990). P. 101-121.

Setiawan. “Kontrak Bisnis Internasional: Choice of Law & Choice of Jurisdiction.” Varia Peradilan Majalah Hukum Bulanan Tahun IX No. 107 (Agustus 1994). P. 125-137.

Wibowo, Basuki Rekso. “Pembaruan Hukum Antar Tatahukum Indonesia Dalam Rangka Mendukung Perkembangan Ekonomi di Era Globalisasi.” Jurnal Rechtsvinding Volume 7 No. 1 (Agustus 2018). P. 169-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/ rechtsvinding.v7i2.261

Zheng, Tang, “Exclusive Choice of Forum Clauses and Consumer Contracts in E-Commerce.” Journal of Private International Law Volume 1 No. 2 (Oktober 2005). P. 237-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/17536235.2005.11424295

Iman Prihandono; Esty Hayu Dewanty, “Litigating Cross-Border Environmental Dispute in Indonesian Civil Court: The Montara Case,” Indonesia Law Review 5 No. 1 (January-April 2015): 14-32. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v5n1.12

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