•  
  •  
 

Abstract

The digital ride-hailing service platforms have advanced significantly due to technological development. It resulted in lower consumer costs and better-quality service. Thus, consumers opted for such platforms more than the conventional transportation, resulting in their exponential growth over the years such as Gojek and Grab in Indonesia. Their strong market position was achieved quickly, facilitated by innovation advantages such as indirect network effects and algorithm-based analysis of users’ past data. Ultimately, data has become a barrier for potential competitors to entering the market. Simultaneously, the incumbents or the dominant market holders likely to use a technology-based strategy by keeping access to such data closed and inaccessible, maintaining their market position. Its strategy might fall under exclusionary abuse, a behavior that intends to protect and increase platforms’ dominant position. Thus, such action can be harmful to healthy competition and impede inclusive growth in ride-hailing services’ market competition. In this paper, the author will argue that refusal to grant data access should be regulated as a part of Indonesia Competition Law’s exclusionary conduct and remedied using mandated data portability.

Bahasa Abstract

Platform layanan sewa angkutan digital telah maju secara signifikan karena perkembangan teknologi. Hal menghasilkan biaya konsumen yang lebih rendah dan layanan berkualitas lebih baik. Dengan demikian, konsumen lebih memilih platform tersebut daripada transportasi konvensional, sehingga pertumbuhan eksponensial mereka selama bertahun-tahun seperti Gojek dan Grab di Indonesia. Posisi pasar mereka yang kuat dicapai dengan cepat, difasilitasi oleh keunggulan inovasi seperti efek jaringan tidak langsung dan analisis data masa lalu pengguna berbasis algoritma. Pada akhirnya, data telah menjadi penghalang bagi pesaing potensial untuk memasuki pasar. Secara bersamaan, petahana atau pemegang pasar dominan cenderung menggunakan strategi berbasis teknologi dengan menjaga akses ke data tersebut tertutup dan tidak dapat diakses, mempertahankan posisi pasar mereka. Strateginya mungkin termasuk dalam penyalahgunaan eksklusif, perilaku yang bertujuan untuk melindungi dan meningkatkan posisi dominan platform. Dengan demikian, tindakan tersebut dapat membahayakan persaingan yang sehat dan menghambat pertumbuhan inklusif dalam persaingan pasar layanan perjalanan. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis berargumen bahwa penolakan untuk memberikan akses data harus diatur sebagai bagian dari perilaku ekslusif UU Persaingan Indonesia dan diperbaiki dengan menggunakan portabilitas data yang diamanatkan.

References

Legal documents a) International Materials European Union. Parliament and Council Directive 2015/2366/EU of 25 November 2015 on Payment Services in the Internal Market (PSD2) [2015] OJ L 337/35 _________. Microsoft v Commission (T-201/04) [2007] ECR II-3601

b) Foreign Domestic Sources Indonesia. Peraturan KPPU Nomor 6 Tahun 2010 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Pasal 25 tentang Penyalahgunaan Posisi Dominan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat [KPPU Regulation No 6 of 2010 on Guidelines Article 25 of Law No 5 of 1999 on The Ban of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition] (Indonesia) ________. Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat [Law No 5 of 1999 on The Ban of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition] (Indonesia) c) Domestic cases France. The Autorité de la Concurrence [Competition Authority], 14-MC-02, 9 September 2014 Belgium. Belgian Competition Authority, 2015-P/K-27, 22 September 2015

Books Blair, Roger D and D Daniel Sokol (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Antitrust, Intellectual Property, and High Tech Devolder, Bram, The Platform Economy: Unravelling the Legal Status of Online Intermediaries Gürkaynak, Gönenç, The Second Academic Gift Book of ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law on Selected Contemporary Competition Law Matters Mathis, Klaus, and Avishalom Tor (eds), New Developments in Competition Law and Economics Moore, Martin, and Damian Tambini, Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple Rowland, Diane, et al, Information Technology Law

Articles Anggriawan, Rizaldy, ‘E-Hailing Transportation and the Issue of Competition Law in Indonesia’ (2019) 2(1) Indonesian Comparative Law Review 56 Argenton, Cédric, and Prüfer, Jens; ‘Search Engine Competition with Network Externalities’ (2012) 8(1) Journal of Competition Law and Economics 73 Benkler, Yochai, ‘Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production’ (2004) 114(2) Yale Law Journal 273 Calo, Ryan, and Alex Rosenblat, ‘The Taking Economy: Uber, Information, and Power’ (2017) 117(6) Columbia Law Review Edelman, Benjamin, and Damien Geradin, ‘Efficiencies and Regulatory Shortcuts: How Should We Regulate Companies like Airbnb and Uber?’ (2016) 19(2) Stanford Technology Law Review 293 Engels, Barbara, ‘Data Portability Among Online Platforms’ (2016) 5(2) Internet Policy Review 1 Evans, David S, and Michael Noel, ‘Defining Antitrust Markets When Firms Operate Two-Sided Platforms’ (2005) 2005(3) Columbia Business Law Review 102 Evans, David S, ‘The Antitrust Economics of Multi-Sided Platform Markets’ (2003) 20(2) Yale Journal on Regulation 325 Evans, David S, and Richard Schmalensee, ‘Network Effects: March to the Evidence, Not to the Slogans’ (2017) 1(3) Competition Policy International – Antitrust Chronicle 1 Filistrucchi, Lapo, et al, ‘Market Definition in Two-Sided Markets: Theory and Practice’ (2014) 10(2) Journal of Competition Law and Economics 293 Fox, Eleanor M, ‘Platforms, Power, and the Antitrust Challenge: A Modest Proposal to Narrow the US – Europe Divide’ (2019) 98(2) Nebraska Law Review 297 Gabel, David, ‘Uber and the Persistence of Market Power’ (2016) 50(2) Journal of Economic Issue 527 Graef, Inge, ‘Market Definition and Market Power in Data: The Case of Online Platforms’ (2015) 38(4) World Competition: Law and Economics Review 473 Graef, Inge, ‘The Opportunities and Limits of Data Portability for Stimulating Competition and Innovation’ (2020) 2(2) Competition Policy International – Antitrust Chronicle 1 Graef, Inge, and Jens Prufer, ‘Mandated Data Sharing is a Necessity in Specific Sectors’ (2018) 103(4763) Economisch Statistische Berichten 298 Graef, Inge, Yuli Wahyuningtyas and Peggy Valcke, ‘Assessing Data Access Issues in Online Platforms’ (2015) 39(5) Telecommunications Policy 375 Hlina, Evelin, ‘Dominant Undertakings in the Digital Era: A Call for Evolution of the Competition Policy Towards Article 102 TFEU?’ [2016] (1) ICC Global Antitrust Review 121 I, Natadjaja and Setyawan PB, ‘Creating Community through Design: The Case of Go-Jek Online’ (2016) 4(1) International Journal of Cultural and Creative Industries 1 Kimmel, Lisa and Janis Kestenbaum, ‘What’s Up with Whatsapp? A Transatlantic View on Privacy & Merger Enforcement in Digital Markets’ (2014) 29(1) Antitrust 48 Lobel, Orly, ‘The Law of the Platform’ (2016) 101(1) Minnesota Law Review 87 Menell, Peter S, ‘An Epitaph for Traditional Copyright Protection of Network Features of Computer Software’ (1998) 43(3-4) The Antitrust Bulletin 656 Rahman, Nasarudin Abdul, et al, ‘E-Hailing Services: Antitrust Implications of Uber and Grab’s Merger in Southeast Asia’ (2020) 28(S1) IIUM Law Journal 373 Russo, Francesco, and Maria Luisa Stasi, ‘Defining the Relevant Market in the Sharing Economy’ (2016) 5(2) Internet Policy Review 1 Smichowski, Bruno Carballa, ‘Is Ride-Hailing Doomed to Monopoly? Theory and Evidence from the Main US Markets’ (2018) 0(2) Revue D’Economie Industrielle 43 Teo, Boon-Chui, Muhammad Azimulfadli Mustaffa and Amir Iqbal Mohd Rozi, ‘To Grab or Not to Grab? Passenger Ride Intention towards E-Hailing Services’ (2018) 21(1) Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics 153 Tucker, Catherine E, ‘Network Effects and Market Power: What Have We Learned in the Last Decade?’ [2018] Spring Antitrust 72 Vivoda, Jonathon Matthew, Annie C Harmon, and Ganesh Babulal, ’E-Hail (Rideshare) Knowledge, Use, Reliance, and Future Expectations among Older Adults’ (2018) 55 (May) Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 426

Research Papers and Working Papers Alexiadis, Peter, and Alexandre de Streel, ’Designing an EU Intervention Standard for Digital Platform’ (Working Paper European University Insitute No RSCAS 2020/14, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Florence School of Regulation, February 2020) Ali, Ifzal, and Juzhong Zhuang, ‘Inclusive Growth toward a Prosperous Asia: Policy Implication’ (Working Paper Asian Development Bank Series No 97, Economics and Research Department Asian Development Bank, July 2007) Anchustegui, Ignacio Herrera, and Julian Nowag, ‘How the Uber and Lyft Case Provides an Impetus to Re-Examine Buyer Power in the World of Big Data and Algorithms’ (Working Paper No 01/2017, Lund University, 7 July 2017) Borghi, Maurizio, ‘Data Portability and Regulation of Digital Markets’ (Working Paper, Center for Intellectual Property Policy and Management, Bournemouth University, 1 September 2019) Brown, Ian, ‘Interoperability as a Tool for Competition Regulation’ (Research Paper, OpenForum Europe Academy, November 2020) Chen, Kai, and Edison T Tse, ‘Dynamic Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets’ (Working Paper, Standford University 19 February 2008 Collyer, Kate, Hugh Mullan, and Natalie Timan, ’Measuring Market Power in Multi-Sided Markets’ (Research Discussion Paper No DAF/COMP/WD(2017)35/FINAL, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 15 November 2017) Competition Policy and Law Group APEC Economic Committee, ‘Competition Policy for Regulating Online Platforms in the APEC Region’ (Research Report No APEC#2019-EC-01.3, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, August 2019). Crémer, Jacques, Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye and Heike Schweitzer, ’Competition Policy for The Digital Era’ (Research Report European Commission, Directorate-General for Competition, European Commission, 2019) Geradin, Damien, ‘What Should EU Competition Policy Do to Address the Concerns Raised by The Digital Platforms’ Market Power?’ (Discussion Paper No 2018-041, Tilburg Law and Economics Center, 12 December 2018) Graef, Inge, Thomas Tombal and Alexandre de Streel, ‘Limits and Enablers of Data Sharing: An Analytical Framework for EU Competition, Data Protection and Consumer Law’ (Discussion Paper No DP 2019-024, Tilburg Law and Economics Center, 27 November 2019) Jarsulic, Marc, ‘Using Antitrust Law to Address the Market Power of Platform Monopolies’ (Research Report, Center for American Progress, 28 July 2020). Katz, Michael L, ‘Exclusionary Conduct in Multi-Sided Markets’ (Discussion Paper No DAF/COMP/WD(2017)28/FINAL, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 15 November 2017) Kerber, Wolfgang, ‘Digital Markets, Data, and Privacy: Competition Law, Consumer Law, and Data Protection’ (Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics by MAGKS No 14-2016, Philipps-University Marburg, February 2016) Plaitakis, Ariadne, ‘Digital Data and Competition Issue’ (Working Papers BFA Globals No 03, BFA Global, April 2019) Oxera, ‘Market Power in Digital Platforms’ (Discussion Paper for European Commission, Oxera, 30 September 2018) Robertson, Viktoria, ‘Antitrust Law and Digital Markets: A Guide to the European Competition Law Experience in the Digital Economy’ (Research Paper, University of Graz, Vienna University of Economics and Business, 28 February 2020) Schweitzer, Heike, et al, ‘Modernising the Law on Abuse of Market Power’ (Research Report, Germany Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, 17 September 2018) Swire, Peter, ‘The Portability and Other Required Transfers Impact Assessment: Assessing Competition, Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Other Consideration’ (Research Paper No 3689171, Georgia Tech Scheller College of Business, 8 September 2020)

Conference Papers Kariga, Romeo, and Lindiwe Khumalo, ‘Barriers to Entry, Exclusionary Strategies, and Inclusive Growth’ (Conference Paper, 2nd Annual Competition, and Economic Regulation Week Southern Africa Conference Programme, 11-12 March 2016) Parakkal, Raju, ’Antitrust in the Digital Era: Rethinking Dominance and Its Abuse’ (Conference Paper, 6th CUTS-CIRC Biennial Conference on Competition, Regulation, and Development, 1-2 December 2019)

Student Thesis Ayu Rachmawati, ‘Relevant Market on Online Traffic Transportation’ (LLB Thesis, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2017)

Internet Materials Ken Dai, ‘Big Data and Antitrust Risks in Close-Up: From the Perspective of Real Cases’ Mondaq: Connecting Knowledge & People https://www.mondaq.com/china/antitrust-eu-competition-/1010918/big-data-and-antitrust-risks-in-close-up-from-the-perspective-of-real-cases Rinaldi Mohammad Azka, ‘Berapa Sih Jumlah Pengemudi Ojek Online? Simak Penelusuran Bisnis.com‘ [How Many Online Ride-Hailing Riders?] (Indonesia) Bisnis.com https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20191112/98/1169620/berapa-sih-jumlah-pengemudi-ojek-online-simak-penelusuran-bisnis.com Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, “Public Consultation on Draft Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Informatics Regarding Data Interoperability” https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/27030/siaran-pers-no-74hmkominfo062020-tentang-konsultasi-publik-rancangan-peraturan-menteri-kominfo-mengenai-interoperabilitas-data/0/siaran_pers

Share

COinS