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Abstract

This article explores the existence of asas hakim pasif (passivity of judge principle) in cases involving children in civil cases in Indonesia. As one of the basic principles in civil procedure, judges must be bound by the scope of the case and evidence brought by parties. The principle is not absolute, however, showing that under the Law on Judicial Power; judges are obliged to uphold justice by exploring law and social values more than often. A study case in marriage dispensation shows that judges are facing pluralism orders. Therefore, judges’ value and understanding of children’s rights is a determinant factor. Recently, the Law on Marriage Number 1 of 1974 was amended along with the enactment of Supreme Court Regulation Number 5 of 2019 on Guidance of Marriage Dispensation Examination, which provides better protection for children from child marriage, both in substantive and procedural rights. This article then recommends judges to be more active in deciding on child marriage by upholding the spirit of child protection and encourages the Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) to increase its activities to mainstreaming child protection issues.

Bahasa Abstract

Artikel ini menganalisis berlakunya asas hakim pasif pada perkara perdata yang terkait anak. Sebagai salah satu asas fundamental dalam sistem peradilan perdata, asas hakim pasif mengharuskan hakim untuk terikat pada ruang lingkup perkara dan alat bukti yan diajukan para pihak. Asas tersebut tidak absolut, mengacu pada Undang-Undang tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman; hakim wajib untuk menjunjung tinggi keadilan dengan menggali hukum dan nilai-nilai yang hidup di masyarakat. Studi kasus atas dispensasi kawin untuk anak menunjukkan bahwa hakim menghadapi kondisi pluralisme hukum. Alhasil, nilai dan pemahaman hakim tentang hak-hak anak adalah faktor yang amat menentukan. Belakangan, Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan mengalami perubahan juga diterbitkannya Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 tentang Pedoman Mengadili Permohonan Dispensasi Kawin yang berisi perlindungan yang lebih baik bagi anak dari perkawinan anak, baik hak substatif maupun prosedural. Artikel ini merekomendasikan hakim untuk lebih aktif dalam memutus dispensasi kawin dengan menjunjung nilai perlindungan anak dan mendorong Mahkamah Agung meningkatkan kegiatan pengarusutamaan isu anak.

References

Books

Agustina, Rosa. “Beberapa Catatan tentang Hukum Perkawinan di Indonesia” [Several Notes on Marriage Law in Indonesia], Hukum tentang Orang, Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Waris di Belanda dan Indonesia [Law on Person, Family Law and Inheritance Law in Netherlands and Indonesia], 1st ed., edited by W.D. Kolkman et al., Denpasar: Pustaka Larasan, 2012, pp. 129-145.

Fadhli, Ashabul. “Izin Dispensasi Kawin: Masalah atau Solusi? (Studi tentang Peran dan Wewenang Hakim Pengadilan Agama Batusangkar terhadap Penetapan Hakim Dispensasi Kawin di Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat)” [Marriage Dispensation Petition: Problem or Solution? Study on the Role and Authority of Judges in Islamic Court of Batusangkar to Court Decree on Marriage Dispensation in Tanah Datar Municipality, Sumatera Barat Province] in Menikah Muda di Indonesia, Suara, Hukum dan Praktik [Married in Young Age in Indonesia, Voice, Law and Practice, 1st ed., edited by Mies Grijns et al., Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2018, pp. 163-195.

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Articles

Corradi, Giselle and Desmet, Ellen. “A Review of Literature on Children Rights and Legal Pluralism.” The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 47 Vol. 2 (2015): 226-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2015.1072447.

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Rifai, Ahmad et al. “Sejarah Undang-Undang Perkawinan Atas Pendapat Hingga Pertentangan dari Masyarakat dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Tahun 1973-1974,” [The History of Law of Marriage from Argument to Opposition from Society and the House of Representative in the Year 1973-1974] Journal of Indonesian History 4 Vol 1 (2015): 1-9. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jih/article/view/18401.

Tamanaha, Brian Z. “Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global.” Legal Studies Research Paper Series (May 2008): 1-63. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1010105.

Websites

Grilsnotbrides. “Child Marriage in Indonesia.” Accessed June 19, 2020. https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/indonesia/.

Hidayat, Rofiq. “DPR Kukuhkan Batas Usia Perkawinan Minimum 19 Tahun” [DPR Enacted Minimum Age of Marriage is 19 Years-Old]. Accessed June 19, 2020. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt5d7fcb7fc88bd/dpr-kukuhkan-batas-usia-perkawinan-minimum-19-tahun,/.

ICJR. “Naskah Akademik RUU Perubahan UU Perkawinan.” Accessed June 19, 2020. https://icjr.or.id/naskah-akademik-ruu-perubahan-uu-perkawinan/.

Wardah, Fatiyah. “Koalisi Perempuan Desak Perubahan UU Perkawinan Sebelum DPR Periode Sekarang Berakhir.” Accessed January 30, 2021 [Indonesia Women Coalition Urges the Amendment of Marriage Law Before the House of Representatives Current Administration Ended]. Koalisi Perempuan Desak Perubahan UU Perkawinan Sebelum DPR Periode Sekarang Berakhir (voaindonesia.com).

Published Report

BPS. Kemajuan yang Tertunda. Jakarta: BPS (2016), accessed 19 June 2020, https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2016/01/04/aa6bb91f9368be69e00d036d/kemajuan-yang-tertunda--analisis-data-perkawinan-usia-anak-di-indonesia.html.

Unpublished Report

Civil Cases Analysis Course, Faculty of Law, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Tingkat Dispensasi Kawin di Indonesia Ditinjau Dari Putusan Direktori Mahkamah Agung RI [Prevalence of Marriage Dispensation in Indonesia, Study Cases on Decisions Retrieved from the Supreme Court Directory.

Legal Documents

Indonesia, Undang-Undang tentang Perubahan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan (Amendment of Law Regarding Marriage), UU No. 16 Tahun 2019, LN No. 186 Tahun 2019 (Law Number 16 Year 2019, SG No. 186 Year 2019).

Indonesia, Undang-Undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman (Law Regarding Judicial Power), UU No. 48 of 2009, LN No 157 Tahun 2009 (Law Number 48 Year 2009, SG No. 157 Year 2009).

Indonesia, Undang-Undang tentang Perkawinan (Law Regarding Marriage), UU No. 1 Tahun 1974, LN No. 1 Tahun 1974 (Law Number 1 of 1974, SG No. 1 of 1974).

Indonesia, Herzien Inlandsch Reglement (HIR), Stbl 1984 No. 16 yang diperbaharui dengan Stbl 1941 No. 44 (HIR, SG No. 44 of 1941 add. 16 of 1984).

Indonesia, Rechtreglement voor de Buitengewesten (RBG), Stbl 1984 No. 16 yang diperbaharui dengan Stbl 1927 No. 27 (RBG, SG No. 27 Year 1927 add. 16 Year 1984).

Indonesia, Instruksi Presidium Kabinet Ampera 27 December 1966 No. 31/1966 (Instruction from the Ampera Presidium Cabinet Number 31 Year 1966).

Indonesia, Peraturan Mahkamah Agung tentang Pedoman Mengadili Permohonan Dispensasi Nikah (Supreme Court Regulation Regarding Guidance of Marriage Dispensation Petition), Perma No. 5 Tahun 2019, BN No. 1489 Tahun 2019 (Supreme Court Regulation Number 5 Year 2019, OG No. 1489 Year 2019).

Indonesia, Constitutional Court Decision, No 22/PUU-XV/2017, available at https://www.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/22_PUU-XV_2017.pdf

Indonesia, Purbalingga Municipality Religious Court, Putusan Nomor 0015/Pdt.P/2012/PA.Pbg.

Indonesia, Sleman Municipality Religious Court, Putusan Nomor 22/pdt.P/2015/PA.Smn.

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