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Abstract

Electrical and electronic equipment waste (E-waste/WEEE) is a current global concern because of the increasing volume and improper treatment of e-waste. Generally, e-waste can be defined as discarded components of electrical and electronic equipment that have no reuse value. The improper disposal of e-waste can bring about catastrophic effects to mankind and the environment. The Basel Convention in 1992 categorizes e-waste as hazardous waste due to the presence of toxic materials. Currently, the production of e-waste is expanding at a considerable rate and is expected to reach 52.2 million tons globally by 2021. Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia are three neighboring countries that are facing the issue of e-waste management. The shortage of appropriate recovery and recycling facilities for formal e-waste treatment in the aforementioned three counties may lead to informal e-waste treatment or unsafe landfill, which cause harmful and hazardous effects to human lives and nature. This review provides a comprehensive overview of e-waste management from the perspective of Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Inadequate governmental policies, lack of e-waste laws, lack of public awareness, and lack of management strategies have caused various social and environmental issues. This work concludes with recommendations for the three countries to restrict the free flow of e-waste by establishing robust e-waste laws and improving the e-waste management system.

Bahasa Abstract

Limbah peralatan listrik dan elektronik (E-waste / WEEE) menjadi perhatian global saat ini karena meningkatnya volume dan pengolahan limbah elektronik yang tidak tepat. Secara umum, e-waste dapat didefinisikan sebagai komponen yang dibuang dari peralatan listrik dan elektronik yang tidak memiliki nilai pakai ulang. Pembuangan limbah elektronik yang tidak benar dapat menyebabkan efek bencana bagi umat manusia dan lingkungan. Konvensi Basel 1992 mengkategorikan e-limbah sebagai limbah berbahaya karena adanya bahan beracun. Saat ini, produksi limbah elektronik meningkat pada tingkat yang signifikan dan diperkirakan akan menyentuh 52,2 juta ton secara global pada tahun 2021. Singapura, Malaysia dan Indonesia adalah tiga negara tetangga dan juga menghadapi masalah pengelolaan limbah elektronik. Kekurangan fasilitas pemulihan dan daur ulang yang tepat untuk pengolahan formal limbah elektronik di tiga kabupaten tersebut dapat menyebabkan pengolahan informal atau tempat pembuangan akhir yang tidak aman yang menyebabkan efek berbahaya dan berbahaya bagi kehidupan manusia dan alam. Makalah tinjauan ini memberikan ikhtisar komprehensif pengelolaan limbah elektronik dari perspektif Singapura, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Kebijakan pemerintah yang tidak memadai, kurangnya undang-undang e-waste, kurangnya kesadaran publik dan kurangnya strategi manajemen telah menyebabkan berbagai masalah sosial dan lingkungan. Makalah ini diakhiri dengan rekomendasi untuk tiga negara untuk membatasi aliran bebas limbah elektronik dengan memberlakukan undang-undang limbah elektronik yang kuat dan memajukan sistem pengelolaan limbah elektronik.

References

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Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council.

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