Code-mixing among StudentS of engliSh literature 2009 in univerSitaS indoneSia

People today are more globalized than before, and most of them are now able to speak more than one language. It also happens among the English Literature students 2009 in Universitas Indonesia who are able to speak English in their daily conversation. This may lead to the phenomenon called codemixing. However, this code-mixing focuses more on written communication in their social media’s status. There are two major points that this paper attempts to make. First, the description of codemixing itself according to the theory given by Wardhaugh (1986) and Hoffman (1991) and how it can be reflected into daily communication, especially in written communication. Second, the reasons why those students tend to do code-mixing in their written communication. This will be supported by all the captured-pictures of their status in their social media. Using this theory, it attempts to dig deeper and analyze the students’ reasons forusing code-mixing in their social media’ status and what words are commonly used in certain topics of conversation.


IntroductIon
This paper aims to analyze why students use code-mixing, how they use it, and in which situations it is used.Code-mixing is defined as integrating one language to another within the same utterance.It has become increasingly popular in society these days.
People are more globalized, especially those students of the English Literature who are obviously used to speaking English almost all the time at campus.They somehow tend to use both Indonesian and English at the same time within the same utterance.There are actually words that have no translation in Indonesian, and so we have to use English words instead to make the meaning clearer and more understandable.Otherwise, the message would not be conveyed.Not only does it happen in oral conversation, but it also works in written communication such as in social media.Students tend to write their in status using a combination of Indonesian and English.Therefore, through this paper, the researcher would like to dig deeper and analyze their reasons forusing code-mixing in their social media' status and what words are commonly used in certain topics of conversation.Thus, the results of this study are intended to make contributions to the literature on goals and help the next research related to Code-mixing in written communication.
Code-mixing is one phenomenon of the way people communicate in a speech where they mix one language with another language.People, today, are now more globalized than before as they tend to speak more than one language.Not only does it happen in oral language, but it also occurs in written communication.This phenomenon triggers the researcher to conduct a further research in finding out the reasons why English literature students 2009 in Universitas Indonesia tend to do code-mixing in their daily conversation.They are chosen as the respondents since they deal with English almost everyday, inside and outside campus.Thus, it will help the researcher in analyzing the results, for the environment of the respondents is mostly students with good English skills.
In this article, there are some steps that need to be taken in order to achievethe objectives.First of all, the research begins by raising some specific questions that can lead to the use of several theories.However, the data has to be collected first since theoriesmight not be available before one starts the research.The methods used in collecting the data are distribution of questionnaires to twenty students of English Literature 2009 in Universitas Indonesia and proof of some captured-status in social media that show how code-mixing is being produced in a written conversation.Once the required data has been all collected, the next step taken is to analyze the data by grouping respondents' answers of each question and finding a suitable theory that is related to the topic of the research that can later help to conduct the analysis.Finally, the conclusion of this paper will illustrate the phenomenon of code-mixing among students of English Literature 2009 in Universitas Indonesia and the reasons why they use it in daily written conversation.

PrevIous research
There are previous researches about code-mixing that have been conducted and written in some research papers.One of them is a research paper written by Annisa Ramadhani, a Linguistic department student in the Universitas Indonesia with the title, "Campur Kode Bahasa Indonesia -Bahasa Inggris Dalam Acara "Welcome to BCA"Di Metro TV"(2011).This paper discusses code-mixing found in a TV show.Her research aims to identify the types of code-mixing and the elements of English in a speech/ utterance.There are three findings that she gets.One of them is that she has found three types of code-mixing in a conversation, which are interpolation1 , lexicalization 2 , and alternation.Not only has she found those three types of code-mixing, but she has also found out that the elements of English words used in the utterance are nouns and noun phrases.Her last finding is that code-mixing does not happen randomly, but it follows a particular tendency.
While Annisa focuses on the types of code-mixing and the elements of English words used in the speech, there is another published research paper "Campur Kode Sebagai Strategi Komunikasi Customer Service", written by Ratna Maulidini (2007), a student of Indonesian literature in Universitas Dipenogoro, that talks about code-mixing in a conversation between customer service employees and customers.In her paper, she illustrates the problems about the forms and types of code-mixing occured in the conversation between customer service employees and customers, the factors that might cause it, and the function of code-mixing in the communication strategy between the participants.Unlike Annisa's, Ratna's findings are more about the factors that might cause code-mixing, which are linguistic factor and non-lingustic factor and also the types of code-mixing, which are external code-mixing and internal code-mixing.Although both authors talk about the same subjectrelated to the types of code-mixing, they surely have different findings regarding each type of code-mixing based on their perceptions.
It is obvious that code mixing has different types in the way it is used based on the previous researches written by Annisa and Ratna.Every researcher surely has different perspective towards it.Both of them have the same thing in common regarding the idea of the the types of code-mixing though the result of both researches might be different.
Those two researchers have done a good job analyzing the types of code mixing in oral language.Nevertheless, a further analysis in a certain area should be taken in order to get another different result since this research focuses more on written communication instead of oral language.In my own view, not only is analyzing the types of code mixing needed, but it is also important to know the relation between the education background of the students and the code-mixing itself; how the students' education background which is from the English literature major can actually play a significant role in the phenomenon of code-mixing.Also, those two researches can be used to help the researcher find another factor that might cause code-mixing in written communication.

theory and Method
"Most speakers command several varieties of any language they speak, and bilingualism, even multilingualis, is the norm for many people throughout the world rather unilingualism.People then, are usually forced to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or to mix codes" (Wardhaugh, 1986, p.100) Code is a useful concept that can bridge the communication between one person to another, and it also can be used to classify different languages.Wardhaugh (1986, p.99), in the book of An Introduction to Sociolinguistic, once said that a code is actually a language which people use in their conversation of any situation, a system of used communication.There are two types of codes found in our daily conversation; codemixing and code-switching.
As many countries are now practicing bilingual or even multilingual, they tend to speak more than one language in a certain country.This phenomenon of bilingualism results in the occurence of code-mixing and code-switching within their speech.People might think that code-switching and code-mixing are the same when actually they do not have the same meaning to each other.Code-switching occurs when people use a particular code and suddenly change.On the other hand, according to Wardhaugh, codemixing is used when the conversant use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance (Wardhaugh, 1986, p.103).As an example, there is someone who says "I do not like Mangga".There, you can see that this person mixes Indonesian word within his/her English speech.
There are many different interpretations of what code-mixing really is.According to Hoffman (1991, p.104), he maintains that code-mixing is the switches occuring within sentence.Unlike Wardhaugh, Hoffman (1991, p. 112) has found that there are three types of code-mixing based on the scope of switching where languages take place.Those are inter-sentential code-mixing3 , intra-sentential code-mixing4 and involving a change of pronunciation.
When code-mixing is occured, there must be some motivations or reasons that encourage people to do it.Not only are people today more globalized and bilingual (or even multilingual), but there are actually other things that trigger them to mix one language to another; in this case is between English and Indonesian.Hoffman (1991, p.116), in the book Introduction to Bilingualism, identifies a few reasons for those people to do code-mixing.Those reasons are talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something, inserting sentence fillers (interjection), repetition used for clarification, expressing group identity, softening/strengthening request, excluding other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience, and because of real lexical need.
Most of the English literature students in Universitas Indonesia are people who experience code-mixing in their written communication.Students who attend English as a Second Language classes like them have more abilities in listening, speaking, reading, and writing in English than students who come from different educational backgrounds.Especially those who are into writing, they tend to code-mix between English and Indonesian in their status in social media.Therefore, the researcher can create a hypothesis out of this phenomenon that code-mixing is more often produced by the English literature 2009 students in Universitas Indonesia.There are times in which students have difficulties in conveying a message in their own language, and that is when they use code-mixing to make a conversation more understandable.
In every research, methods are actually necessary strategies in order to get the results of the research since they are directly connected the problem statement and the goal of the research.Before the researcher jumps into collecting data from the respondents and analyzes them, the research method should be established first in this part.The research method will help the researcher to deepen the topic of the research.This research will use twenty students of the English literature department as the sample, which later will be divided into ten girls and ten boys.The method of this research is quantitative method, which focuses more on the collection and analysis of numerical data and statistics.In this method, interviews will not be taken.Instead, questionnaires would be distributed to those students.That is what is called the survey method, as all of the data is collected through the questionairres which are given directly to the respondents.The students are asked to answer several questions regarding code-mixing that they experience, like the words they sometimes use in code-mixing.Also, there will be some pictures taken from their status in their social media showing the phenomenon of code-mixing in their written communication.The answers and all the pictures will be the important dataof this research.After that, field research is used in order to calculate the number of respondents from the returned questionairres.The purpose is to find out the percentage of the results obtained.

The Phenomenon of Code-mixing found in Social Media
In this section, the researcher has found several examples of code-mixing of English and Indonesian on Twitter status and Path comment.The data below is the transcript of the written conversation on the status of the respondents in social media.

I'm crazy now!"
Code-mixing found on this status is used to show her expression of being awestruck looking at the Oppa she mentions above.She mixes English and Indonesian within the same utterance.
First language : Indonesian Twitter status : "Kenapa ya sekarang udah gak terlalu excited sama komik?" The word "excited" in the sentence gives a meaning that she no longer likes reading comics.However, she does a code-mixing by using excited instead of tertarik in Indonesian.
First language : Indonesian Twitter status : "@andaridityaboleh minta tolong ga, jadi model buat promoting products jualan gw? Hehe" Another code-mixing found on this status when he uses the words "promoting products" instead of simply saying mempromosikan produk.He does not change the word product into Indonesian since both words sound phonetically almost the same and have quite similar writings.
First language : Indonesian Twitter status : "Nyadur artikel itu bukan susah paraphrasing-nya, tapi bikin judulnya sodara2.Harus menggelitik-informatif, informatifmenggelitik.Ribet." She uses the word "paraphrasing" probably because she is used to saying that since it is always one of the things which is usually discussed in class.Otherwise, it could be because writing the real meaning of that word in Indonesian will take more characters since it is going to be a very long explanation of what paraphrasing is.
First Language : Indonesian Twitter status : "@HerwindaAudy woi demi apa deadline mundur ampe hari apa??????shit!" On his status, he uses the word "deadline" instead of the real meaning in Indonesian word to simplify the writing since the definition of it in Indonesian might take a few words to write.Also, there is an interjection found in the sentence which is the word "shit".

First Language : Indonesian
Path comment : "Iyaaa babe.. dijakarta ntin?? Ah kita ga ketemu mulu nih..kamu sampe kapan dijakarta?""Babe" is another word that shows how code-mixing plays a role in written communication.Babe is a slang word used in Indonesian to call someone she loves.
There is more than one English word found in this sentence that shows the phenomenon of code-mixing."Over there" and selaluare the examples of code-mixing.
She tends to insert some English and Indonesian words in this sentence.
First Language : Indonesian Twitter status : @JillenaOseta @dorotheawina eh iya udh lama nih gk chit-chat jaman2nya BIA! Wakaka, nah tuh dia udh jgn ungkit2 ION.. " He tends to use the word "chit-chat" here to substitute the word ngobrol-ngobrol in Indonesian.Chit-chat has also become a slang word in Indonesia that everyone uses in their speech although it is basically in English.

#MelibasAndalas masih bisa lanjut!!!"
One simple word like the word "tour" here can be the example of code-mixing.
He might have used the word tour instead of tur since the way to pronunce them is the same and the way to write it is quite similar.
First Language : Indonesian Twitter status : "@halotiyulo @anggablr quiz tepeng lupa.. Belajar yang mana?" Similarly like the previous number, the code-mixing found in this sentence is the use of English word "quiz" instead of kuis.

First Language : Indonesian
Twitter status : @GoldyLeonard wah enak tuh dosennya gaul hehe.Tapi nilainya unpredictable." Code mixing found in this sentence is the insertion of the word "unpredictable" in the end of the sentence.She uses this word in order to stress the meaning even more than the definition in Indonesian can probably elaborate.
First Language : Indonesian Twitter status : "@meltingpotFIB @dimasanggara @ripsisa @GoldyLeonard @ Ghulamnayazri @rasmanaraga mangat guys masih ada kompetisi besok2nya!kiss kiss :* He uses the word "guys" here because it has become the Indonesian slang to call your friends.Also, he writes the word "kiss kiss" in the end of sentence only to give an expression of happiness and care.
First Language : Indonesian Twitter status : "Pada bawa autan, minuman.Lama2 ada yang bawa sleeping bag ke kampus neh." He uses the word "sleeping bag" for kasur lipat.The code-mixing found in this sentence might be because he is used to saying sleeping bag more than kasur lipat in his daily life.
First Language : Indonesian Twitter status : "@flatasha udah gak masyalah.Bilang aja mau nanyain surat dari pak untung udah diapprove apa belom, gitu." Code-mixing found in this sentence is the insertion of the word "approve".He could have just written disetujui instead of code-mixing it with English.
First Language : Indonesian Twitter status : "Malu sekali, disuruh spelling email marketing, tp gk hafal kode huruf.." He uses the word "spelling" as the substitute of the word mengeja in Indonesian.
That is another example of the phenomenon of code-mixing.
The word "distract" is here is another example of code-mixing between English and Indonesian which means teralihkan.

First Language : Indonesian
Twitter status : "tugas Pi bikin everybody freaks out.Knp gue ga tobat2.Panik dong panik pls :"""D" "Everybody freaks out" and "pls" are some examples of code-mixing in written communication.She inserts some English utterances in her Indonesian sentence.
She uses the word "next time" instead of using lain kali.
She uses "more than enough" to show an English phrase.
Honeymoon, for Indonesian people, is more used more often than the meaning itself in Indonesian.

reason and MotIvatIon for code-MIxIng
After collecting all the data through the status of the respondents' in their social media, the researcher analyzes all of them and produces some explanations of why those respondents do code-mixing in their written communication.There are six reasons and motivations why code-mixing occurs. 1.

Quoting Somebody
There may also be a pragmatic reason for code-mixing, which is quoting someone.
Code-mixing can be found in written communication if the writer wants to add some quotes, phrases, idioms, famous expressions, or sayings of well-known figures in his/her writing.Mostly, those figures are from some English-speaking countries that the speaker actually quote it since it is not in his/her first language.
Take a look at the example number 19.The word "more than enough'' is added because the respondent wants to give a phrase or a saying in English.That should be a suitable example of this reason.Also, there should be a set of quotation marks before and after those quotes or famous expressions.We can see another example through this sentence found in twitter status, "Jangan putus asa.'If he is meant to be with you, he will be back'.Terus berdoa".The user of that Twitter is definitely using a famous expression, and therefore, it is necessary to put some quotation marks before and after that expression.There are some more other examples like the previous one in the status in social media.

2.
Interjection (Inserting Sentence Fillers/Connectors) Sometimes, there are some interjections found in written communication.For those who have no idea of what interjection is can see the example number 5. The word "shit" in the end of the sentence is what interjection is.It is a short exclamation like Damn!, Shoot!, Alas!, Look!, etc.They have no grammatical value at all that people use it more in speaking.However, a lot of people also use these interjections in their writings, especially those respondents.
In other status in social media, there are many social media users, especially those English Literature students in Universitas Indonesia, who code-mix in their status using some interjections like this sentence, "Aduh!Lupa bawa dompet itu sesuatu.
Crap!".The use of the last word, "crap", is what it is said as the interjection.
Another example is the filler "well" which is found in many status in social media.
Mostly, they write in the beginning of their sentence, like in this sentence, "Well, ternyata ga semudah itu ngerjain ini soal."

Excluding Other People for a Limited Audience
When a speaker or a writer wants to talk about something secret to a limited audience, he/she tends to exclude them by speaking or writing something in other language, in this case English.Usually, it is found more in speaking that the speaker may suddenly change the language in order to limit the conversation to a limited audience.Thus, there will be no interference from other people.However, this kind of reason is also found in writing since there are a lot of people in social media with lots of different nationalities or at least capabilities in learning language.Not everyone can speak English.Thus, the writer may use another language on their social media's status in order to make it not understandable for some people.

Pride
Another reason why people tend to do code-mixing is to get people's attention and boost up their pride.Some of the respondents often do code-mixing to show their intelligence in speaking English or other foreign languages.They try to look cool by writing their status in English.Thus, those respondents are the ones who put their pride in the first place in order to grab people's attention of their brightness in acquiring English.

Limited Words or Unknown Translation
The fifth reason why those students tend to produce code-mixing is that because the speaker or the writer does not know the meaning in Indonesian.Therefore, he/she tends to insert some words of foreign languages or their second languages that might be more understandable by the interlocutors/ the readers.This can be the reason because not all the words we have are easy to understand by the interlocuters.Therefore, to avoid any misunderstandings in conveying the message, mixing one language to another language can be the way out.
People, including those English Literature students, may not know all the words in Indonesian or English.Therefore, when they communicate to each other, they somehow mix English and Indonesian altogether within the same utterance.
Studying English too often can probably make them forget some words in Indonesian and start keeping those English words more in mind.However, it is not the only reason why they use code-mixing in their daily conversation/ written communication.Another reason that might cause code-mixing is the unknown translation of the word in Indonesian.There are some English words which we still do not have the basic translations in Indonesian, for example, a while ago, we had no translation of these two words, 'upload' and 'download'.Therefore, people used those English words instead.However, as time goes by, people have come up with the translation of both words but still, up until now, the English words are the ones which are more used in daily conversation or written communication.

Environmental Factor
Finally, it brings up to the last reason which is environmental factor.People are easy to get influenced, especially when it comes to speaking or even more writing.
Those respondents are the examples of this.They probably often read someone else's status using a certain English word and unconsciously, it is recorded in their mind.Also, listening to someone speaking English can help them to get more English vocabularies to boost up their writings on their social media's status.In the end, they start to remember some words and begin applying those words in their daily conversation, in this case written communication.
Being surrounded with many foreigners can also be the reason why people, especially those students, tend to mix English in their Indonesian conversation.
Talking to foreigners every day can actually create a memory storage of certain words.They start memorizing new words and use it in their daily life.They might be forgetting some words in Indonesian since they talk in English more.

conclusIon
This paper attempts to highlight the phenomenon of code-mixing among English Literature students 2009 at Universitas Indonesia, especially in their written communication.Mostly, this paper talks about why those students use code-mixing and how they use it.Since people, especially those students with English-skills background, are more globalized, they tend to do code-mixing in their daily conversation.Those students are most likely the doers since they are used to speaking English every day in school.Not only does code-mixing occur in oral language, but it also occurs in written communication like on the status in social media.The code-mixing can be found in social networkings, like Twitter, Facebook, Path, and many more.They tend to write a status by combining English and Indonesian within the same utterance there.Before jumping to the analysis, there were actually some methods needed to be taken to get the final result of this research.Not only were some methods needed to be takenbefore jumping to the analysis, but the research method should have been also established first before jumping into collecting data fromtherespondents and analyzing them.As the sample of the respondents, twenty students of the English literature department, divided into ten girls and ten boys, were asked to answer all the questions regarding code-mixing that they experienced in the questionairres.This is what we called quantitative method.
Next, once they were collected, the next thing to do was to capture their status in their social media showing how the phenomenon of code-mixing occured in their written communication.All the answers and the captured pictures of their status were needed to help the researcher analyze dan obtain the final result.
After finished collecting all the data through looking at the status of the respondents in their social media, now the researcher could finally be able to give the explanation of why those respondents tend to do code-mixing in their written communication.Apparently, there are six reasons why code-mixing occurs according to the researcher.The first one is quoting somebody.This can happen if the writer wants to add some quotes, phrases, expressions, idioms or may be famous sayings of well-known figures.Second, interjection seems to appear in their written communication.It is like a short exclamation like Damn!, Alas!, Crap!, etc.There are many exclamations found in English than in Indonesian.Thus, that could be one reason why they use them more often in writings.The third one is excluding other people for a limited audience.The writer does this in order to limit the audience in understanding their secret talks in their writings.Fourth, pride seems to be another reason why people, in this case students, do code-mixing.They do this for the sake of getting people's attention and boost up their pride.They might look more intelligent if they mix English and Indonesian within the same utterance.The fifth reason is limited words or unknown translation.This is simply because the writer does not know the meaning in Indonesian and so he/she inserts some English words that might be more understandable.Finally, it brings up to the last reason which is environmental factor.The writer probably often reads someone else's status using English or listens to someone speaking English all the time.Therefore, they start to remember some words and begin applying those words in their written communication.
Another thing that we should be concerned about is that there are some English words which are not considered as code-mixing.They are instead considered as language development 5 .Words like upload and download are the examples of language development in which the Indonesian translations have been found a couple years ago after the English words were used first.Eventhough the translations have been already found, yet, Indonesian people are still used to using the English words instead.They mostly think the translations of those words which are unduh and unggah sound a bit odd to them and so they decide to use the previous English words instead which sound more understandable.Thus, for the other researchers who want to do further research 5 When it comes to code-mixing, language development is one thing the researcher should concern more since both of them are quite the same.What he/she should know is that language development develops a new word in a language as time goes by.It might not have yet the meaning in one's first language and so, he/she has to use the word based on the specific native language instead.about code-mixing should really know how to differentiate between code-mixing and language development since they might look the same.
reference Hoffman, Charlotte. (1991) . An Introduction to Bilingualism.London: Longman.Maulidini, Ratna.(2007).Campur Kode Sebagai Strategi Komunikasi Customer Service.Semarang: Universitas Dipenogoro.Ramadhani, Annisa.(2011).Campur Kode Bahasa Indonesia -Bahasa Inggris Dalam Acara "Welcome to BCA "Di Metro TV".Depok: Universitas Indonesia.Wardhaugh, Ronald.(1986).An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.Oxfod: Basil Why do you insert/use some English words ?a.I do not know the right translation b.To limit the number of the characters.(if using Indonesian words seem longer for you to write) c.It is just more practical and easier to understand d.To show off that I am able to speak more than one language 7. Do you prefer to use the right word in Indonesian or in English instead?Why?In what kind of situation do you usually mix the language?When and where?What words or phrases in English that you often use?