A Rural Community’s Livelihood Dynamic in the maintenance of a Mangrove Area as a Tourist Destination

This study identifies the problems faced by the residents of Banyuurip village and their adaptation efforts in preserving their mangrove areas. This paper aims to portray the community behavior dynamic in conserving the environment in line with the growth of pop culture in the social media era. Three components will be examined: first, the way people behave toward their environment; second, the economic pressure and the resources maximizing process, and the last component being the environmental issues that are framed in local political ecology. This paper uses the following five phases identified by the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF): identifying vulnerabilities in the community, mapping the livelihood assets of the community, observing the transformation of structures and processes, identifying strategies implemented by the community, and formulating solutions. The SLF approach is useful for removing traditional barriers and is able to evaluate and modify the approach taken to follow the latest trends in society, by enriching the information gathered through this participation. This paper’s findings maintain that the mangrove conservation area in Banyuurip Village reassures the community of its potential use as conservation land and an alternative source of livelihood. However, the manpower required to conserve the mangrove consists mainly of senior residents and is partially supported by the younger generation. Conserving mangroves requires a lot of funds and is an arduous process. It requires support from several parties, such as local companies, mining companies, universities, government agencies, and others.


Introduction
Banyuurip Village, Ujung Pangkah, Gresik is one of the six villages that was pinpointed as a rural tourism development area by the Gresik Regency Government, in 2018. The villages that are pinpointed for rural tourism development have permission to develop a tourist attraction base in their own natural and cultural capacity. Based on this capacity, Banyuurip Village has two resources that could be of benefit in its development as a tourist destination; the first one is the geographical position of Banyuurip Village on the coast, and the second one is the existence of its extensive mangrove area of around 60 hectares. The process of pinpointing Banyuurip Village as a rural tourism development area by the Gresik Regency Government was started by a preliminary study conducted on the village by The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya that was supported by the Community and Village Empowerment department of Gresik Regency. Six problems were identified in the survey, including precinct/hamlet development disparities; weak youth leadership; disputes among green mussel cultivators, workers, and the village government concerning the Mangrove Center development; a lack of understanding of the Mangrove Center's function; and the oloran land dispute. These problems are depicted in Figure 1.
In addition to those six problems, the rapid industrial development on the north coast of Gresik has caused mangrove areas to gradually reduce due to the local authority converting the area into an industrial area. This can be seen through the construction of integrated industrial ports and beach resorts in the Gresik, Lamongan, and Tuban Regencies. Those changes of area functionality create more domestic waste that ends up in river siltation, sea abrasion, and damage to coral reef ecosystems. In addition, this severe situation makes coastal communities vulnerable and marginalized.
The condition of coastal communities, which are marginalized and have less government attention, requires communal creativity and innovation to break down the barriers. Franken and Bauers (2002) categorize as creativity the ability to identify and recognize problems and changes and the ability to find solutions. Moreover, creativity can be considered as the ability to have adaptability, diversity, flexibility, efficiency, cohesion, control, and connectedness in order to develop and measure resilience (Fiksel, 2006;Pettit, Fiksel, & Croxton, 2010;Ponomarov, 2012). The term "creativity" also includes political and economic aspects.
Mangroves, as coastal ecosystems, contribute significantly to environmental sustainability.
Having a good and sustainable environment means that the environment is able to support the community's needs as both a food bank and in its conservation functions. Underpinning those statements above, Suparmoko (2006) and Remoundou et al. (2009) demonstrate six functions of mangroves, including extraction, non-extraction, environmental conservation, biological conservation, and various social functions.
The mangrove's social function refers to the mangrove's use as an activity area for the community. For example, the mangroves in Banyuurip Village, which were developed eight years ago when Banyuurip was led by Ikhsanul Haris Village Head, have functioned as a tourist area. This mangrove area is equipped with an exotic bridge and jogging track along a one-kilometer stretch. In the middle of the mangroves there is also a gazebo and a reading garden. Furthermore, the community of Banyuurip also uses the mangrove as a sanctuary for https://doi.org/10.7454/ajce/v5i1.1090 107 monkeys, bekisar chickens, and pigeons. One of the main attractions to be found at this location is the traditional fishermen that cultivate white and green mussels offshore. There are 345 fishermen who work in the Banyuurip bay area whose main activities are cultivating green mussels. The mussels are bred at sites located about 10 km from the shoreline. The fishermen start work at dawn and return to the bay at 11 am. In the afternoon, they return to clean the boats and make preparations for the following day.
Regarding those activities above we can see that the concepts put forward by Suparmoko (2006) and Remoundou et al. (2009)  center. For example, the benefits gained from mangroves, besides fortifying the aquaculture and increasing the wood supply, also include ecotourism activities. Moreover, mangroves also function as a food source providing ingredients for making syrup, dodol, or mangrove flour. These products are made from two types of mangrove fruits, Sonneratia Caseolaris (bogem or pedada in the local language) and Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza (lindur). Vatria (2013) stated that mangrove deforestation has caused erosion in several regions of Indonesia. The mangrove deforestation processes originate from the aquaculture activities that convert the mangrove areas into ponds for aquaculture. Many aquaculture cultivators utilize "oloran" soil, which is found along estuaries, as aquaculture pond soil. As a result of those activities, soil quality degradation occurs in the estuaries. Oloran is "new" land that is formed in estuaries as a result of river sedimentation.
According to Giesen, Wulffraat, Zieren, and Scholten (2007), the "oloran" soils have been created by river sedimentation. The "oloran" land is suitably fertile for mangrove seedlings to grow and ultimately stabilize the sedimentary soil and, eventually, the mangrove could be a natural fortress against sea abrasion.
Ujungpangkah Mangrove, located in an estuary of the Bengawan Solo River, has benefited from the additional land that has built up in the estuary that has made these areas very fertile.
The use of mangrove land in Banyuurip Village has been quite dynamic. Open management and participatory approaches have been required in accommodating the numerous interests within this area. The pattern of stakeholder relations in mangrove management can be seen in    Franken and Bauers (2002) state that to be able to adapt to change, individuals or groups must be able to produce new methods or alternative communities to ensure their businesses and livelihoods remain safe. In the case of managing the mangrove areas and the activities of the Green Mussel culture, this requires a two-way dialogue to face the environmental changes. According to Franken and Bauers (2002), the factors that support a community's ability to face changes, include increasing the degree of flexibility within the community, tolerance for changes in people's habits, and cultural activities that tend to obstruct development.
During the early stages of the mangrove park development as a tourist destination, there was some dispute between the community and village administration about the mangrove land management. The location of the mangrove forest intersected the activities of the Green Mussel cultivators/fishermen and the proposal to develop a tourist destination in the mangrove. Some fishermen were in support of the mangrove as a tourist destination, and some were opposed to it. In order to be able to create a sustainable program in the mangrove area, the opinions of these two groups of fishermen were required. Aside from those two groups, there is a third group that has an interest in the mangrove area. This group consists of land brokers, who had the potential to sell off the land to foreign investors for the construction of recreational facilities.
In this study, we have observed the reactions to the mangrove conservation efforts from the behavior of the stakeholders, the fishermen groups, and the condition of the mangroves.
The reaction of those stakeholders is influenced by their level of awareness of the importance of mangrove functions. This level of awareness is built from experience, current knowledge, and openness of networks and information. Blaikie and Brookfield (1987) see the main analytic approaches in political ecology focused on the following: (1) the way people behave towards their environment. The issue of "marginalization" of the economy, which has given rise to the term "for the sake of creating a kitchen smoke collapsing", is often exploited by the environment; (2) the problem of production pressure and resources.
The number of people (mostly the poor) who, depending on natural extractive efforts, on the one hand, become the granary in the election, and on the other hand, become the side of economic sustainability to make environmental issues become ecological and political issues; (3) environmental policy issues that are not covered in political promises and power struggles. The three problems above create a "situational rationality" that has the potential to force land users to reduce their exploration of the environment because they are in a state of despair (Blaikie & Brookfield, 1987). From some of the arguments and facts above, we can https://doi.org/10.7454/ajce/v5i1.1090 110 see that the distribution of village assets and all their potential needs to be constructed in order to build community economic independence.

Methods
This paper covers four aspects, namely, the study of political ecology, public policy, human behavior, and sustainability. Therefore, the approach taken is based on the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF). The SLF will function as a methodological framework and analytical tool to investigate the main problem in this research. This framework identifies how, and by what means, local communities respond and adapt to the limitations and vulnerabilities they are faced with in order to seek welfare improvement. The research and community engagement program duration was seven months that start at end of May 2019 and finished at December 2019.
The SLF was created to understand, holistically, the various causes of poverty, in order to develop a complete solution (Chambers & Conway, 1992;Dent, 2013;DFID, 1999;Ludi & Slater, 2008;Scoones, 2015). By understanding those various causes, the solution offered would assist marginalized people by enhancing their lifestyle through sustainable activities.
There are five SLF phases, namely, identifying vulnerabilities in a particular community, mapping the livelihood assets owned by the community, observing the transformation of structures and processes, identifying community strategies, and formulating the results of solutions (Chambers & Conway, 1992;Dent, 2013;DFID, 1999;Ludi & Slater, 2008;Scoones, 1998Scoones, , 2009Scoones, , 2016. The five phases of SLF, referred to in this research, analyze the five major elements of strategy, mentioned by Hambrick and Fredrickson (2005).
The use of SLF as a methodological approach is based on the five stages, carried out objectively, involving the values adopted in the community and will be confronted with the introduced values of renewal. Therefore, SLF as a participatory approach, according to McNiff (2010), is a methodology that involves community values and emotions. Therefore, the involvement of community group representatives is the key activity. In line with their hypothesis, McNiff (2002) and Creswell (2018) provide three paradigms in conducting participatory information gathering. First, the questions asked can begin by pointing to social facts that can be a reaction from the community when natural or social phenomena occur.
Second, the practical policies that have been applied and carried out in everyday life, have been accepted as the center of knowledge, and the third is that the stage of information retrieval is to be established with the aim of encouraging personal and social change.
There are three groups of people who are the sources of information in writing this paper, namely, a group of fishermen, the government (Village/District/Regency) and the local community. These three elements of society are an important part of the decision-making process related to mangrove issues in Banyuurip Village.
This methodology uses three reasons for community participation in its information gathering. First, by involving representatives from the community as informants, this participatory approach will make it easier to record the ongoing social transformation (Carr & Kemmis, 1986;Fitrianto, 2019;Kemmis, 2014;Koshy, 2010;Pedretti & Hodson, 1995). By involving local leaders in the process of extracting information, traditional barriers can be removed, and we are able to evaluate and modify the approach taken to follow the latest trends in society.
Second, actively involving community groups also functions as part of the process of raising awareness and increasing community awareness in understanding the social phenomena that we are writing about (Carr & Kemmis, 1986;Fitrianto, 2019;Kemmis, 2014;Koshy, 2010;Pedretti & Hodson, 1995). The last reason is that it will enrich the information extracted because it involves all the perspectives that exist in the community (Koshy, 2010).

Livelihood dynamic of Banyuurip
The people of Ujungpangkah Gresik lead a harsh and physically demanding lifestyle which is evident from the way they make their living, such as working in limestone mining and breeding mussels offshore. The recent dynamic economic environment, which suffered coastal area damage, has forced the community to take urgent action. This change requires changes to livelihood strategies and various activities, and this article explores the livelihood changes that have occurred. Vulnerability and hardship cases in Banyuurip Village have been identified through community service programs, provided by UIN Sunan Ampel. There are five recursive steps, depicted in Figure 3. First, identify factors that cause social disruption and community vulnerability. In this case, river siltation, sea abrasion and damage to coral reef ecosystems.
The second means is anticipation of the problems that will arise. The anticipation process starts by inviting residents to discuss the concepts that will be put forward, thus creating awareness. At this stage, community discussion, or Musrenbangdes, as it is better known, is a The third means is coping capabilities. At this stage, the dynamic processes between various elements in society come into play in order to address the problems that arise. After experiencing the negative aspects of environmental degradation, the community creates a better environment, such as creating a mangrove conservation center. At this stage, we can  Once the problem is discovered, the ability to respond and adapt becomes the key.
Cultural resources, such as values (i.e., ideology, local wisdom, education level and future direction of residents), norms (i.e., understanding the millennial behavior as well as the state rules and regulations) and schemas (i.e., increasing income and creating local tourism) are very important social resources (i.e., institutional trust, leadership, and social organization support) that also play the same role.

Banyuurip Livelihood
The   Besides renting the boats, the community also derives income through parking fees. Motor bikes need to pay 2,000 rupiahs and 5,000 rupiahs are charged for cars. On average, this https://doi.org/10.7454/ajce/v5i1.1090 116 mangrove area has around 300 motor bike visitors and around 100 car visitors in a month. In total, parking fees are able to raise up to 11,000 rupiahs a month.

Obstacles
Nonetheless, turning the Bengawan Solo River estuary in Banyuurip Village into a mangrove park has encountered several problems. These obstacles have been raised by residents when asked about the difficulties in developing mangrove tourism areas.
The village chief of Banyuurip Village has provided an example of their financial difficulties in developing a 30 meter jogging track in the mangrove area. This project, it seems, requires around 150 million rupiah, whereas the same amount could be used to build an entire magnificent house. The cost of development in the mangrove area is expensive due to having to use Bengkirai wood, a strong wood that can be used in salt water, but which is very expensive. Therefore, in order to build an appropriately long jogging track requires a considerable investment.
Apart from the financial problems, the focus-group discussion, that was conducted during fieldwork, revealed that human resource factors were also in need of further attention.
Developing a tourist attraction, such a mangrove park, requires creativity and innovative human resources, and concerns two people who are involved in the daily activities of the

Why create the Mangrove Park?
Physical and geographical aspects of a location are not only referred to in the local literature but also embedded in its identity and local culture (Gieryn, 2002;Thomas, 2000). Stedman The Banyuurip community is considering the mangrove park in response to the threat of coastal degradation, based on five reasons. The first is economic reasons. Creating tourist sites that can be managed by the local residents allows them to generate additional income.
An example, that can be used as a reference, is the village of Ponggok Klaten that has the Umbul Ponggok tourism sites, and Pujon Kidul Village that can portray rice fields as beautiful and Instagrammable tourist sites. These two villages inspire and motivate Banyuurip Village to explore its potential. Aside from being a source of income for the village government, it can also provide hope for its residents to take part in sustainable development.
The second reason involves market considerations. The location of Banyuurip Village is on the North Coast of the Java Line (pantura) and this makes this area very accessible despite the fact that at one time the pantura had very bad congestion. area. The construction of this new port city in Manyar will also be a supporting factor for the development of tourism in Ujungpangkah Sub-District. At this point the market consideration is categorized as chimerical and incarnate.
The third reason for developing the mangrove park in Banyuurip is based on its social support system. Harvey, William, and Krista (2000) and Kaufman and Kaliner (2011) explain that featuring places of interest, based on their human activity potential, is a good way to highlight their natural environmental characteristics. The village government contributes by providing a development plan of the sites. There is also a group of youth that supports the development of the tourist destination. The government officers and youth groups of the village play a part in the development of public awareness of the village's tourism potential.
This argument, along with the idea put forward by Williams and Patterson (2007) and Haywood (2014) The five reasons, that are depicted in Figure 5, represent the concepts of Banyuurip with regard to adaptation, resilience and transformation, that appear in people's minds when they think of its environment, and which affects community responses to change (Haywood, 2014;Iain & Fikret, 2003) https://doi.org/10.7454/ajce/v5i1.1090 119 Figure 5. The Location Consideration Source: Adopted from Thomas (2000) and Williams and Patterson (2007)

Transformation's process and resilience
The sections above have explored the existence of the social structure that was put in place in The first element is arenas. Geographically, Banyurip Village is bounded on the north by the Java Sea, as depicted in Figure 4, creating a beautiful beach and having an abundant mangrove area. The entry fee for Banyurip Mangrove Center is 3,000 rupiah per person, which is relatively cheap and suits the middle-income visitor who wishes to experience the mangrove scenery. Therefore, the Banyurip Mangrove Center target market is Indonesia's middle economic class.
The second element is differentiators. There are three advantages pertaining to Banyuurip as a rural tourist destination. First, is the abundance of beautiful mangroves that cover an area of 60 hectares consisting of approximately 60 million mangrove seedlings and offering a unique educational tourist attraction. Second, is the geographical location of Banyuurip, which consists of agricultural land, beaches, and limestone hills, offering one-stop tourism.
The scenery at the top of Banyuurip's limestone hill appears to be enhanced by the "green belt of mangroves." This position is ideal for enjoying the beach and sunsets, as well as the accompanying sound of seabirds flying from place to place, making this location deserving of being called "a piece of heaven in Gresik." Furthermore, the iconic Mosque of "Masjid Kapal" can be an alternative venue for daily prayer, and the mosque is also offering a unique chapel for marriage ceremonies or simply for social media photography. Third, the mangroves are a habitat for a variety of coastal organisms. Shellfish and crabs are two species that breed in mangroves. Along with sustaining the mangrove areas, Banyuurip Village residents also support the cultivation of green mussels. Banyuurip is known as the center for the production of green mussels in Gresik. The majority of Banyuurip's fishermen are employed in green mussel production. Due to the cultivation of green mussels, there are three attractions on offer, namely, boating to the green mussel cultivation station, which is located around 10 kilometers offshore, the rows of moored fishing boats that create photo opportunities, and the weighing and auction processes of the green mussels.
The third element is economic logic. Banyuurip Mangrove Center offers various attractions. The beauty of the mangrove area that can be seen from a beautiful two km wooden jogging track, the line-up of exotic boats, the green mussel auction, and an affordable entrance fee will attract a large number of visitors to Banyuurip. The more tourists that visit, the more money the residents of Banyurip earn. Besides the entrance fee, the community is also able to earn money from the provision of culinary services and the selling of souvenirs.
In addition, the mangroves also provide a reserve income for fishermen when the high tide season arrives, and they are unable to cultivate green mussels offshore. The fishermen would be able to earn an income from scavenging crabs and mangrove clams. In short, the more When harmony has been achieved, and the tourist attraction developed, the next step is to promote the tourism objects. In the current social media era, it is imperative to use social media for marketing. At this stage, the Banyuurip Mangrove Centre has social media accounts that are managed by village officials who provide information related to the location and/or condition of the village. Therefore, social media content must be creative, interactive, and innovative to pique the interest of potential visitors, including national and international visitors. When targeting national and international visitors, it is essential to collaborate with national and international tourist agents.
The last element is staging. The first variable in the decision to stage, is driven by the available resources and the support provided. The first stage involves having a strategic location and support from the regional government, through the Gresik Government decree for the Ujungpangkah rural tourism development area, and a government owned company,  Figure 6. Five major elements of strategy Source: Adopted from Hambrick and Fredrickson (2005) and field observation (2019) Based on the strategy analyses that are depicted in Figure 6, the relevant plan for Banyuurip Village is to leverage the Banyuurip Mangrove Center as Indonesia's primary environmental educational park. However, political dynamics must be managed to build a strong social system. Olsson et al. (2015) stated that "a powerful depoliticizing or naturalizing scientific concept and metaphor, when used by political actors," can influence community loyalty. Furthermore, Parsons mentioned that there are four considerations for establishing a strong social system, as follows: (i) it needs to adjust to its physical and social environment and the natural environment in which it adapts to its needs (adaptation; conditions: development of industry and market, science and technology); (ii) its main goals must be clear and attainable (to reach the goal; condition: society needs to expand a political system); (iii) the interrelationships between its components must be coordinated and standardized, and efforts must be made to perform consistently (integration; conditions: development of civil society and religious beliefs); (iv) need to provide, maintain and renew themselves, and inspire their individuals to achieve their aims according to social and cultural expectations (latency period; conditions: development of families and schools) (Missimer, Robèrt, & Broman, 2017;Parsons, 1951 In addition, the promotion of adaptation, independency and entrepreneurship can lead to inequality, lack of solidarity with those more unfortunate, lack of cohesion, and other negative effects that can be adjusted or offset by the government and civil society. For example, the government line is to guarantee equality and public interest, while emergency power is aimed at environmental changes. (Alexander, 2010;Cooper, 2006;Missimer, Robèrt, & Broman, 2017) Based on those five strategic elements, interdisciplinary coordination, and judicial and public-private sectoral organizational networking are needed (Hillyard, 2000;Kapucu, 2008;Missimer, Robèrt, & Broman, 2017). It is not enough to have high-performance components in the system, namely, the connections between the components that make up or undermine the system's resilience (Boin & t Hart, 2010). However, managing community opportunities and threats is very complex and involves coordination between the public and private sectors (Doerfel, 2015;Doerfel, Chewning, & Lai, 2013). Within a society, many actors play a role in the creation and maintenance of capabilities, including individual-level capabilities and risk factors, as well as the local performance of social-level capabilities (for example, the quality and integrity of governance systems, population, and operating infrastructure). From the perspective of various sectors, government and non-governmental organizations, professionals and volunteers, companies, education institutions, religious groups, sports clubs, local or national media and other community participants, as well as charitable organizations, must unite to strengthen and utilize the economy enhancement, social funding, information and networking, and community capacity.

Conclusion
Community based tourism, that has been carried out by the Banyuurip Village community of Ujungpangkah, is very dynamic. This can be seen through the enthusiasm shown in building mangroves as the center of their livelihood, controlled by senior residents and supported by youth. Moreover, the dynamics that exist among the groups is determined by the different educational levels. Education level differences produce gaps in understanding of the aims of mangrove tourist development. At this stage, further recruitment of young creative people is needed to contribute at management level rather than as guides for this tourist area. Involving university students and having intensive visits from the main investigator could increase community confidence for developing and promoting the existence of Banyuurip Mangrove Center. In addition, a future program could be introduced to provide training and managing assistance for the creation of paving blocks made from the shells of the green mussels. In summary, however, the mangrove conservation area in Banyuurip Village promises high hopes to the community not only as conservation land but also as an alternative source of livelihood when the sea is less friendly to fishermen due to high tide season. The activities of the fishing community and the village facilitators who are developing this environmental tourism destination should be greatly appreciated because the management of mangrove tourism land is very draining and costly. The Banyuurip Mangrove Center, however, is managed independently by the village and the fishermen community. Nonetheless, it takes cooperation and support from various parties, such as local residents, local companies, mining companies, universities and government agencies, to succeed.

Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Dr, Abdul Chalik, Dr, Mugiyati, Dr. Ir. Muhamad Ahsan for the support and rigorous discussion, and FEBI UIN Sunan Ampel, a young researcher; Andy Permadi, Muhammad Andre Agustianto, Rianto Anugerah Wicaksono and others, including the Sunan Ampel students who were involved in this research.

Funding
The manuscript was part of the main researcher involvement in the community-based tourism assistance program in six villages in the Ujungpangkah District, that were supported by The

Declaration of Conflicting Interest
There is no conflicting of interest for this manuscript.

Author Contribution
Achmad Room Fitrianto has contributed to the areas of conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing and draft preparation, and project supervision.
Andriani Samsuri has contributed to the areas of investigation, the validation process, manuscript editing and data curation, including providing the main suggestion in developing a SWOT analysis of the manuscript.